Chemistry
The word "Chemistry" comes from the Arabic word الكيمياء (Al-kimiya) which than became Alchemy, later on the word than changed to Chemistry.
origins
Jabir ibn Hayyan (Latinized to Gerber) is considered to be the founder of Chemistry. He was born in Kufa in Persia where he would constantly experiment new things in his laboratory. He was also known for systematizing Chemistry and testing his experiments in different ways. He wrote about how chemicals combined without the lost of character that formed a union of elements that were too small for the eye. He also discovered sulfuric nitrite as well as other acids, which are chemicals required for the study of Chemistry. He built an accurate scale which weighted items 6,500 times smaller than a رطل (ratl,equivalent to 1 kilogram or 2.2 pounds). Jabir is known for writing "The Book of Chemistry", "The Chemical Combinations" and many more books, which were than translated into Latin and helped Europe substantially.
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Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyya Al-Razi (Latinized to Rhazes) was also born in Persia. He ended up being more knowledgeable than previous Chemists including Jabar ibn Hayyan. He wrote a book called "The Book of the Secrets of Secrets" in which he classified natural substances. He divided them up into earthly, vegetables, and animal substances. He also added artificial gathered materials like lead oxide and other alloys. Al-Razi also excelled in writing many of his experiments. In the same book he described the process of distillation, without it modern day perfumes wouldn't exist. He designed more than 20 laboratory tools, many of them are still actually still used today, like the crucible, cucurbit, and the retort.
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Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Ishaq As-Sabbaḥ al-Kindi (Latinized to Alkindus) was also a pioneer in Chemistry. He debunked the myth that simple base metals could be transformed into precious metals such as gold or silver. Many of his works were translated into Latin and other European languages. Al-Kindi explained that complex compound of a medicine could be mathematically derived from its qualities and its component degree. Most of his works remained unrivaled for centuries.
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